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The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological quality allied to biochemical quality of lettuce seeds by germination and enzymes expression at 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 42ºC. Germination speed index and percentage of germination were estimated. Isoenzyme expressions were assessed by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), catalase (CAT), esterase (EST), pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) and glutamate oxaloacetate transferase (GOT). The experiment consisted of a completely randomized design in a factorial scheme 4x6, with four cultivars and six different temperatures, with four replications. The highest germination and vigor were observed for cv. 'Everglades' at 35°C, which proved that this cultivar is thermotolerant. Catalase can be considered a genetic marker for the identification ofthermotolerant lettuce cultivars. Cultivar 'Everglades' has potential to be used in lettuce breeding programs aimed at cultivars tolerant to high temperatures during germination.
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica e bioquímica de sementes de alface por meio da germinação e expressão de enzimas a 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 e 42ºC. As variáveis velocidade de germinação e o índice de velocidade de germinação foram estimadas. As expressões das enzimas alcool desidrogenase (ADH), malato desidrogenase (MDH), catalase (CAT), esterase (EST), piruvate descarboxilase (PDC) e glutamato oxaloacetato transferase (GOT) foram avaliadas. Para análise dos genótipos foi empregado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4x6, testando quatro cultivares e seis diferentes temperaturas, com quatro repetições. A maior germinação e vigor foram observadas para a cv. 'Everglades' a 35°C, o que prova que esta cultivar é termotolerante. A catalase pode ser considerada um marcador para a identificação de cultivares de alface termotolerantes. A cultivar 'Everglades' tem potential para uso em programas de melhoramento visando tolerância à alta temperatura durante a germinação.
Subject(s)
Seeds , Catalase , Lettuce , Esterases , Thermotolerance , Isoenzymes , OxidoreductasesABSTRACT
Introduction: Life style of humans, with changes in diet, exercise and life style practices which play an important role in enhancing the progression of age related degenerative problems like dementia. The most common cause of dementia in the world is Alzheimer’s disease which ultimately decrease the cognitive function mainly learning and memory. The objective of the study was to find the multi target potential efficacy of the ligands, Glabridin and Diosmetin in altering the two main molecular targets of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The target enzymes were amyloid binding alcohol dehydrogenase (ABAD) and β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1(BACE1). Material and methods: In this study, we analyzed that multitarget potential of the two natural compounds on the two prior target enzymes of Alzheimer’s disease which are mainly involved in producing neurodegeneration. Drug likeness properties, absorption, digestion metabolic and toxicity profile and molecular docking were analyzed to determine therapeutic aspect by virtual methods. Results: Binding energy and Vander Waals force of Diosmetin were higher than Glabridin with the target ABAD and less than with BACE1 which showed that both drugs can be used in modulating the enzyme phosphorylation in Alzheimer’s disease. Conclusion: Glabridin and Diosmetin could be used as promising drug candidates as ABAD inhibitor and BACE1 inhibitor in Alzheimer’s disease
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O transtorno por uso de álcool (TUA) é influenciado pela genética, principalmente na metabolização do etanol. Os genes da álcool desidrogenase (ADH1B/ADH1C), enzima que transforma o etanol, apresentam SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) que resultam em isoenzimas com diferentes taxas catalíticas. Estudos demonstraram que os SNPs Arg48His, Arg370Cys, Arg272Gln e Ile350Val contribuem para o TUA. Este artigo revisou os estudos que investigaram SNPs em ADH1B (Arg48His/Arg370Cys) e ADH1C (Arg272Gln/Ile350Val), bem como avaliou as variações nas frequências alélicas desses genes e a influência no TUA nas diferentes populações no mundo. As frequências alélicas dos polimorfismos foram comparadas pelos testes qui-quadrado de Pearson e exato de Fisher (p < 0,05). O SNP Arg48His confere proteção para o TUA em euroamericanos, latino-americanos, europeus, brasileiros, asiáticos e australianos. O SNP Arg370Cys confere proteção para o TUA em afrodescendentes. Os SNPs Arg272Gln e Ile350Val predispõem o TUA principalmente em europeus. Os SNPs Arg48His, Arg370Cys e Arg272Gln/Ile350Val foram mais frequentes em amostras de leste-asiáticos (69,7%), africanos (19,1%) e europeus (40,5%), respectivamente (p < 0,01). Os diferentes alelos dos genes ADH1B/ADH1C devido a SNPs têm uma importante contribuição no TUA. As frequências desses alelos variam conforme a população, resultando em diferentes efeitos no TUA. (AU)
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is influenced by genetics, especially in the metabolism of ethanol. The ethanol dehydrogenase genes (ADH1B/ADH1C), which convert ethanol, have single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that result in isoenzymes with different catalytic rates. Studies have shown that the Arg48His, Arg370Cys, Arg272Gln, and Ile350Val SNPs contribute to AUD. This article reviewed the studies that investigated SNPs in ADH1B (Arg48His/Arg370Cys) and ADH1C (Arg272Gln/Ile350Val) and evaluated variations in the allele frequencies of these genes and their influence on AUD in different populations worldwide. The allele frequencies of the polymorphisms were compared by Pearson's chi-square and Fisher's exact tests (p < 0.05). The Arg48His SNP provides protection against AUD in Euro-Americans, Latin Americans, Europeans, Brazilians, Asians, and Australians. The Arg370Cys SNP provides protection against AUD in Afro-descendants. The Arg272Gln and Ile350Val SNPs predispose to AUD mainly in Europeans. The Arg48His, Arg370Cys, and Arg272Gln/Ile350Val SNPs were more frequent in East Asians (69.7%), Africans (19.1%), and Europeans (40.5%), respectively (p < 0.01). The different alleles of the ADH1B/ADH1C genes due to SNPs make an important contribution to AUD. The frequencies of these alleles vary among different populations, resulting in different effects on AUD..(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Alcohol-Related Disorders/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics , Alcohol Dehydrogenase/biosynthesis , Alcohol-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Ethanol/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Introducción. Uno de los principales factores de riesgo del carcinoma hepatocelular es el consumo crónico de alcohol. En estudios en diferentes poblaciones, se sugiere que las variantes genéticas de las enzimas que participan en el metabolismo del alcohol, como la alcohol deshidrogenasa (ADH) y la citocromo P450 (CYP2E1), estarían asociadas con riesgo de enfermedades hepáticas terminales. Objetivo. Identificar y caracterizar las variantes alélicas de los genes ADH1B, ADH1C y CYP2E1 en pacientes colombianos con diagnóstico de cirrosis y carcinoma hepatocelular. Materiales y métodos. Se incluyeron muestras de pacientes atendidos entre el 2005 y el 2007, y entre el 2014 y el 2016, en la unidad de hepatología de un hospital de Medellín. La genotipificación de las muestras se hizo mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (Polymerase Chain Reaction, PCR) con análisis de los polimorfismos en la longitud de los fragmentos de restricción (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, RFLP). Los resultados se compararon con los de dos grupos de control y con lo reportado en la base de datos del 1000 Genomes Project. Resultados. Se recolectaron 97 muestras de pacientes con diagnóstico de cirrosis y carcinoma hepatocelular. Los dos factores de riesgo más frecuentes fueron el consumo crónico de alcohol (18,6 %) y las colangiopatías (17,5 %). Los genotipos más frecuentes en la población de estudio fueron el ADH1B*1/1 (82 %), el ADH1C*1/1 (59 %) y el CYP2E1*C/C (84 %). Conclusiones. En este primer estudio de los polimorfismos en pacientes colombianos con diagnóstico de cirrosis y carcinoma hepatocelular, los genotipos más frecuentes fueron el ADH1B*1/1, el ADH1C*1/1 y el CYP2E1*C/C. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la frecuencia de los genotipos entre los casos y los controles. Se requieren estudios adicionales en población colombiana para evaluar el riesgo de la enfermedad hepática terminal por consumo crónico de alcohol y la asociación con los polimorfismos.
Introduction: One of the most important risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is alcohol consumption: Studies in different populations suggest that the risk of liver disease could be associated with genetic variants of the enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism, such as alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and cytochrome P450 CYP2E1. Objective: To identify and characterize the allelic variants of ADH1B, ADH1C and CYP2E1 genes in Colombian patients with cirrhosis and/or HCC. Materials and methods: We included samples from patients attending the hepatology unit between 2005-2007 and 2014-2016 of a hospital in Medellin. Samples were genotyped using PCR-RFLP. We compared the results with two control groups and the 1000 Genomes Project database. Results: We collected 97 samples from patients with a diagnosis of cirrhosis and/or HCC. The two main risk factors were chronic alcohol consumption (18.6%) and cholangiopathies (17.5%). The most frequent genotypes in the study population were ADH1B*1/1 (82%), ADH1C*1/1 (59%), and CYP2E1*C/C (84%). Conclusions: This first study of polymorphisms in Colombian patients diagnosed with cirrhosis and/or HCC showed genotypes ADH1B*1/1, ADH1C*1/1 and CYP2E1*C/C as the most frequent. We found no significant differences in the genotype frequency between cases and controls. Further studies are necessary to explore the association between polymorphisms and the risk of end-stage liver disease from alcohol consumption.
Subject(s)
Alcohol Dehydrogenase , Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology , Alleles , Genotype , Liver Cirrhosis/etiologyABSTRACT
Abstract Alcohol dehydrogenases belong to the large superfamily of medium-chain dehydrogenases/reductases, which occur throughout the biological world and are involved with many important metabolic routes. We considered the phylogeny of 190 ADH sequences of animals, fungi, and plants. Non-class III Caenorhabditis elegans ADHs were seen closely related to tetrameric fungal ADHs. ADH3 forms a sister group to amphibian, reptilian, avian and mammalian non-class III ADHs. In fishes, two main forms are identified: ADH1 and ADH3, whereas in amphibians there is a new ADH form (ADH8). ADH2 is found in Mammalia and Aves, and they formed a monophyletic group. Additionally, mammalian ADH4 seems to result from an ADH1 duplication, while in Fungi, ADH formed clusters based on types and genera. The plant ADH isoforms constitute a basal clade in relation to ADHs from animals. We identified amino acid residues responsible for functional divergence between ADH types in fungi, mammals, and fishes. In mammals, these differences occur mainly between ADH1/ADH4 and ADH3/ADH5, whereas functional divergence occurred in fungi between ADH1/ADH5, ADH5/ADH4, and ADH5/ADH3. In fishes, the forms also seem to be functionally divergent. The ADH family expansion exemplifies a neofunctionalization process where reiterative duplication events are related to new activities.
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Objective To establish the system of high resolution melting for detection of aldehyde dehydro-genase 2(ALDH2) and alcohol dehydrogenase-1B (ADH1B) gene polymorphisms .Methods The short prim-ers were designed for ALDH2 and ADH1B gene .Different PCR products were analyzed using Eva Green dyes after amplification ,which were confirmed by Sanger sequencing .Results The genotypes of ALDH2 rs671 and ADH1B rs1229984 were successfully detected in the same procedure by HRM within 90min ,and the results were consistent with Sanger sequencing .Conclusion The assay of HRM is simple ,rapid ,cost-effective ,and re-liable for the detection of ALDH2 and ADH1B polymorphism and it is worthy to be popularized .
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Two Coryphaena hippurus morphotypes (dourado and palombeta) are found along the Brazilian coast and are considered by Rio de Janeiro’s fisherman and fishmongers as two different species. Furthermore, these morphotypes are commercialized under different values and suffer different fishing pressure. Therefore, a definition of their taxonomic status is an important economic and biological matter. In order to investigate this problem, allozyme electrophoresis method was undertaken for seventeen loci on 117 individuals of C. hippurus sampled at Cabo Frio/RJ (Brazil). The data indicate homogeneity between the morphotypes gene pools. Nevertheless, differences were found for genetic variation among dourado and palombeta, especially due to alcohol dehydrogenase locus. Natural selection hypothesis is discussed in explaining these findings.(AU)
Dois morfotipos de Coryphaena hippurus (dourado e palombeta) encontrados ao longo da costa brasileira são considerados espécies diferentes por pescadores e mercadores das regiões de desembarque do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Além disso, esses morfotipos são comercializados por valores diferentes e sofrem diferentes pressões de pesca. Desta forma, a definição do status taxonômico desses morfotipos é importante, tanto em termos econômicos quanto biológicos. A fim de investigar esse problema foi utilizado o método de eletroforese de aloenzimas com a amostragem de dezessete loci para 117 indivíduos dos dois morfotipos de C. hippurus obtidos em desembarques pesqueiros na região de Cabo Frio/RJ (Brasil). Os dados indicaram uma homogeneidade entre os conjuntos gênicos dos morfotipos. A despeito disso, diferenças entre os conjuntos gênicos de dourado e palombeta foram encontradas, devido, especialmente, ao locus álcool desidrogenase. A hipótese de seleção natural é discutida como possível explicação para esses resultados.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Classification , Perciformes/anatomy & histology , Perciformes/classification , Biochemistry , Fisheries , OxidoreductasesABSTRACT
Objective To study the effect of mung beans, honey and yogurt on the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. Methods KM mice were randomly divided into four groups, and ig. with mung beans juice, honey liguid and yogurt. After 3h' treatment, blood were obtained from orbit and the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase were detected and compared. Results Showed mung bean, honey and yogurt has a role in promoting the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, which was mung bean > honey > yogurt. Compared with control group, mung beans can increase the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase by 22.98 U/ml and 6.02 U/ml,respectively(P<0.01 ). Conclusion Mung bean, honey and yogurt can promote the alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, has a hangover effect.
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Objective To study the anti-alcoholism effect of Puerariae lobatae radix, Puerariae lobatae flowers, Hovenia dulcis thunb mixture on acute alcohol poisoning in mice.Methods A model of acute alcoholism in mice was established by intragastrical administration of alcohol.The best ratio of each component in the mixture was identified by observing the sobering effect of the mixtures on mice.The best ratio mixture was divided into low dose group and high dose group.The mice tolerance time, drunken time, the ethanol concentration in the blood and the alcohol dehydrogenase activity in liver were measured to study the anti-alcoholism effect of the mixture.Results The Puerariae lobatae radix, Puerariae lobatae flowers, Hovenia dulcis thunb mixture not only increased the tolerance time and decreased the drunken time of mice, but also significantly reduced the ethanol concentration in blood and improved the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase in liver.Conclusion This study found that Puerariae lobatae radix, Puerariae lobatae flowers, Hovenia dulcis thunb mixture has anti-alcoholism effect on acute alcoholism in mice.
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The major non-P450 enzymes involved in the oxidative metabolism of drugs are:the flavincontaining monooxygenase (FMO), the monoamine oxidase (MAO), the aldehyde oxidase (AO), the xanthine oxidase (XO), the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). In recent years, the role of non-P450 enzymes in drug oxidative metabolism has garnered increasing attention. However, the contribution of non-P450 enzymes to the drug oxidative metabolism is possibly underestimated in many cases, as most metabolism studies in drug discovery and lead optimization are conducted using in vitro test systems related to P450 enzymes. In this article, these non-P450 enzymes in terms of catalyzed reaction types, common substrates, gene polymorphism and drug interaction are reviewed, and the in vitro models and factors for non-P450-mediated oxidative metabolism are summarized. Similar to P450 enzymes, non-P450 enzymes can directly catalyze the oxidation of drugs, yielding therapeutically active metabolites or toxic metabolites. These enzymes can also oxidize the toxic metabolites, generated from P450-catalyzed reaction, to nontoxic metabolites. In general, most non-P450 enzymes (such as FMO and MAO) appear to be much less inducible than P450 enzymes.
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Objective To study the effect of mung beans, honey and yogurt on the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. Methods KM mice were randomly divided into four groups, and ig. with mung beans juice, honey liguid and yogurt. After 3h' treatment, blood were obtained from orbit and the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase were detected and compared. Results Showed mung bean, honey and yogurt has a role in promoting the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, which was mung bean > honey > yogurt. Compared with control group, mung beans can increase the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase by 22.98 U/ml and 6.02 U/ml,respectively(P<0.01 ). Conclusion Mung bean, honey and yogurt can promote the alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, has a hangover effect.
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The expression of phase-I drug metabolizing enzymes in liver changes dramatically during postnatal liver maturation. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is critical for bile acid and lipid homeostasis in liver. However, the role of FXR in regulating ontogeny of phase-I drug metabolizing genes is not clear. Hence, we applied RNA-sequencing to quantify the developmental expression of phase-I genes in both-null and control (C57BL/6) mouse livers during development. Liver samples of male C57BL/6 and-null mice at 6 different ages from prenatal to adult were used. The-null showed an overall effect to diminish the "day-1 surge" of phase-I gene expression, including cytochrome P450s at neonatal ages. Among the 185 phase-I genes from 12 different families, 136 were expressed, and differential expression during development occurred in genes from all 12 phase-I families, including hydrolysis: carboxylesterase (), paraoxonase (), and epoxide hydrolase (); reduction: aldoketo reductase (), quinone oxidoreductase (), and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (); and oxidation: alcohol dehydrogenase (), aldehyde dehydrogenase (), flavin monooxygenases (), molybdenum hydroxylase (and), cytochrome P450 (P450), and cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (). The data also suggested new phase-I genes potentially targeted by FXR. These results revealed an important role of FXR in regulation of ontogeny of phase-I genes.
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Objective: Identify and characterize polymorphisms of genes ADH2, ADH3, ALDH2 and CYP2E1 in a Colombian population residing in the city of Bogotá and determine its possible relationship to the alcoholism. Methods: ADH2, ADH3, ALDH2, and CYP2E1 genotypes a population of 148 individuals with non-problematic alcohol and 65 individuals with alcoholism were determined with TaqMan probes and PCR-RFLP. DNA was obtained from peripheral blood white cells. Results: Significant difference was found in family history of alcoholism and use of other psychoactive substances to compare alcoholics with controls. When allelic frequencies for each category (gender) were considered, frequency of A2 allele carriers in ADH2 was found higher in male patients than controls. In women, the relative frequency for c1 allele in CYP2E1 was lower in controls than alcoholics. The ALDH2 locus is monomorphic. No significant differences in allele distributions of the loci examined to compare two populations were observed, however when stratifying the same trend was found that these differences tended to be significant. Conclusions: This study allows us to conclude the positive association between family history of alcoholism and alcoholism suggesting that there is a favourable hereditary predisposition. Since substance dependence requires interaction of multiple genes, the combination of genotypes ADH2*2, CYP2E1*1 combined with genotype homozygous ALDH2*1 found in this study could be leading to the population to a potential risk to alcoholism.
Objetivo: Identificar y caracterizar los polimorfismos de los genes ADH2, ADH3, ALDH2 y CYP2E1 de colombianos residentes en la ciudad de Bogotá y determinar su posible relación con el alcoholismo. Métodos: Se determinaron los genotipos ADH2, ADH3, ALDH2 y CYP2E1 a una población de 148 individuos con un consumo no problemático de alcohol y 65 individuos con alcoholismo. La genotipificación se realizó con sondas TaqMan y PCR-RFLP, el ADN se obtuvo de células blancas de sangre periférica. Resultados: Se encontró diferencia significativa en la historia familiar de alcoholismo y el uso de otras sustancias psicoactivas. Cuando se consideraron frecuencias alélicas para cada categoría (género), la frecuencia de portadores del alelo A2 en ADH2 se encontró mayor en los pacientes masculinos que los controles. En las mujeres, la frecuencia relativa para el alelo C1 de CYP2E1 fue menor en controles que en alcohólicos. El locus ALDH2 es monomórfico. No se observaron diferencias significativas en las distribuciones alélicas de los loci examinadas al comparar las dos poblaciones, sin embargo al estratificar las mismas se encontró una tendencia a que esas diferencias fueran significativas. Conclusiones: Este estudio nos permite concluir la asociación positiva entre historia familiar de alcoholismo y el alcoholismo, lo que sugiere que existe una predisposición hereditaria favorable. Dado que la dependencia de sustancias requiere la interacción de múltiples genes como ADH2*2, CYP2E1*1 combinado con el genotipo homocigótico ALDH2*1 hallados en este estudio podría estar llevando a la población a un riesgo potencial hacia el alcoholismo.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Alcohol Dehydrogenase/genetics , Alcoholism/genetics , Aldehyde Dehydrogenase/genetics , /genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic , Case-Control Studies , Colombia , Family , Gene Frequency , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genotype , Substance-Related Disorders/geneticsABSTRACT
Background: Alleles involved in inefficient (ADH1B2*2 and ALDH2*2) or efficient (SNP6, ADH4 gene) alcohol metabolism may influence the risk of alcoholism. Alcoholism susceptibility has been classified as protector and risk-dependence phenotypes, associated with inefficient and efficient alcohol genetic metabolizing variants, respectively. Aim: To investigate the possible association between genetic protective and risk-dependence variants and alcohol intake patterns. Material and Methods: Saliva DNA samples were obtained and the AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) questionnaire was applied to 210 university students aged between 18 and 25 years old. Results: No statistically significant association between protective or risk-dependence genetic variants and alcohol pattern intake was detected. However, new categories of alcohol intake patterns-not included in the AUDIT questionnaire-were identified. Conclusions: No association between the protector and risk-dependence phenotypes and patterns of alcohol consumption was detected in this sample of students.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Alcohol Drinking/genetics , Phenotype , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Alcohol Drinking/metabolism , Chile , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Students , UniversitiesABSTRACT
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is one of the major causes of liver morbidity and mortality worldwide. Chronic alcohol consumption leads to development of liver pathogenesis encompassing steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and in extreme cases, hepatocellular carcinoma. Moreover, ALD may also associate with cholestasis. Emerging evidence now suggests that farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and bile acids also play important roles in ALD. In this review, we discuss the effects of alcohol consumption on FXR, bile acids and gut microbiome as well as their impacts on ALD. Moreover, we summarize the findings on FXR, FoxO3a (forkhead box-containing protein class O3a) and PPARα (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha) in regulation of autophagy-related gene transcription program and liver injury in response to alcohol exposure.
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The protective effect of EtOAc fraction of Limonium tetragonum extract (EALT) against alcoholinduced hepatotoxicity was assessed following acute ethanol intoxication in Spraque-Dawley rats. EALT (200 mg/kg p.o.) was administrated once before alcohol intake (8 g/kg, p.o.). Blood ethanol concentration, and the activities of alcohol metabolic enzymes, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in the liver were measured. Also, the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), catalase were determined after acute alcohol exposure. Pretreatment of rats received ethanol with EALT significantly decreased blood ethanol concentration and elevated the activities of ADH and ALDH in liver. The increased MDA level was decreased, and the reduced activities of SOD, GSH-px and catalase were markedly preserved by the treatment with EALT. This study suggests that EALT prevent hepatic injury induced by acute alcohol which is likely related to its modulation on the alcohol metabolism and antioxidant enzymes activities.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Alcohol Dehydrogenase , Aldehyde Dehydrogenase , Catalase , Ethanol , Glutathione Peroxidase , Liver , Malondialdehyde , Metabolism , Plumbaginaceae , Salt-Tolerant Plants , Superoxide DismutaseABSTRACT
Pueraiae Radix (PR), Pueratia Folium (PF) and Sorbus commixta (SC) mixture, namely GS-SP (PR (1)/PF (2)/SC (0.5): v/v/v) was developed as hangover-relieving elixir and its effects on alcoholic metabolism have been investigated. The enzymatic activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) of GS-SP was shown higher than those of single treatment with PR, PL, SC, and the positive control group (YM-808). The survival rate of mouse liver cell line NCTC clone 1469 in the presence of acetaldehyde was 30.6, 22.2, and 8.7% at the GS-SP dosage level of 50, 100, and 200 microg/mL respectively. Different concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of GS-SP showed efficient activity for ADH and ALDH than YM-808 in rat fed with 25% ethanol. The levels of blood alcohol and acetaldehyde after oral administration of 200 mg/kg of GS-SP showed efficient activity of 11.7% and 37% than those of YM-808. These results have been supported to the potential for GS-SP to serve as an excellent potential in providing hangover relief and liver protection.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Mice , Rats , Acetaldehyde , Administration, Oral , Alcohol Dehydrogenase , Alcoholics , Cell Line , Clone Cells , Ethanol , Liver , Metabolism , Oxidoreductases , Pueraria , Sorbus , Survival RateABSTRACT
Aim: The Aim of present study is to analyse conserved functional Short Dehydrogenase Reductase (SDR) domain from bacteria. Based on the domain analysis selection of coniferyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene for isolation from Pseudomonas nitroreducens Jin1. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala. From July, 2012 to November, 2012. Methodology: Bioinformatics tools were used to analyse various calA genes from bacteria based on the presence of conserved domain in members of SDR family. Based on insilico analysis, Pseudomonas nitroreducens Jin1 calA was selected. PCR was used for amplification of the gene from the genome of Pseudomonas nitroreducens Jin1. Result: Multiple sequence alignment results for conserved domains amongst members of SDR family identified presence of all domains of Short Dehydrogenase Reductase members in Pseudomonas nitroreducens Jin1 calA gene. Amongst the various sequences compared the P. nitroreducens Jin1, calA was found to be the smallest in size. The locus of calA in the genome resides at 103513-104280 bases. It was amplified from the genome of Pseudomonas nitroreducens Jin1. The calA gene that was amplified is of size 768bp. Conclusion: calA gene isolated from Pseudomonas nitroreducens Jin1 is a small gene with all the functional domains and can be used for biotransformation of coniferyl alcohol to coniferyl aldehyde.
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Activity differences of the first (phenylalanine ammonia lyase, PAL) and the last (cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, CAD) enzymes of phenylpropanoid pathway in the roots of resistant (Yangambi Km5 and Anaikomban) and susceptible (Nendran and Robusta) banana cultivars caused by root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus coffeae, were investigated. Also, the accumulation of phenolics and deposition of lignin polymers in cell walls in relation to resistance of the banana cultivars to the nematode were analyzed. Compared to the susceptible cultivars, the resistant cultivars had constitutively significantly higher PAL activity and total soluble and cell wall-bound phenolics than in susceptible cultivars. The resistant cultivars responded strongly to the infection of the nematode by induction of several-time higher PAL and CAD enzymes activities, soluble and wall-bound phenolics and enrichment of lignin polymers in cell wall and these biochemical parameters reached maximum at 7th day postinoculation. In addition, profiles of phenolic acid metabolites in roots of Yangambi Km5 and Nendran were analyzed by HPLC to ascertain the underlying biochemical mechanism of bananas resistance to the nematode. Identification and quantification of soluble and cell wall-bound phenolic acids showed six metabolites and only quantitative, no qualitative, differences occurred between the resistant and susceptible cvs. and between constitutive and induced contents. A very prominent increase of p-coumaric, ferulic and sinapic acids, which are precursors of monolignols of lignin, in resistant cv. was found. These constitutive and induced biochemical alterations are definitely the chemical defenses of resistant cvs. to the nematode infection.
Subject(s)
Alcohol Oxidoreductases/genetics , Alcohol Oxidoreductases/metabolism , Animals , Disease Resistance/genetics , Metabolic Networks and Pathways , Musa/enzymology , Musa/genetics , Musa/growth & development , Musa/parasitology , Nematoda/genetics , Nematoda/pathogenicity , Phenols/chemistry , Phenols/metabolism , Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase/genetics , Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase/metabolism , Plant Diseases/genetics , Plant Diseases/parasitology , Plant Roots/enzymology , Plant Roots/metabolism , Polymers/chemistry , Propanols/chemistry , Propanols/metabolismABSTRACT
Introduction Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) are the principal enzymes involved in catabolism of ethanol in human body. Alcohol is initially metabolized by ADH to acetaldehyde, which is consequently oxidized by ALDH to acetic acid. Individuals with low activity of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes show low tolerance to alcohol and are therefore rapidly intoxicated. Two studies on polymorphism of alcohol metabolizing enzyme genes in Mongolian population have been implemented to the date, but no assessment study of the serum activity of the enzymes have been conducted. Materials and Methods Fasting morning blood samples were collected from 240 adults 25-54 years of age (124 males and 118 females) from all provinces and the capital city of Mongolia. The serum levels of ADH and ALDH were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Result: The mean serum level of ADH was 17.6 ng/mL and of ALDH was 15.91 ng/mL. The mean levels of the two enzymes of the surveyed from UB city were significantly lower than of those who lived in rural areas (p=0.000 for both ADH and ALDH). When the survey participants were divided into three age groups (25-34 years, 35-44 years and 45-54 years of age) and their mean levels of ADH and ALDH were compared, no significant age-related differences were found (p>0.05).